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भारतीय रिज़र्व बैंक

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प्रेस प्रकाशनी

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भारतीय उद्योग में विदेशी सहयोग पर सर्वेक्षण: 2023–2025 – जारी आंकड़े

2 दिसंबर 2025

भारतीय उद्योग में विदेशी सहयोग पर सर्वेक्षण: 2023–2025 – जारी आंकड़े

भारतीय रिज़र्व बैंक ने आज वित्तीय वर्ष 2023-24 और 2024-25 के लिए भारतीय उद्योग (एफसी) में विदेशी सहयोग पर अपने द्विवार्षिक सर्वेक्षण के पंद्रहवें दौर के परिणाम1 जारी किए। यह सर्वेक्षण संलग्न अनुसूची के अनुसार संदर्भ अवधि के दौरान विदेशी कंपनियों के साथ तकनीकी सहयोग वाली भारतीय कंपनियों के वित्तीय मापदंडों और परिचालनों के बारे में जानकारी प्राप्त करता है।

हालिया सर्वेक्षण दौर में 255 भारतीय संस्थाओं द्वारा 601 विदेशी तकनीकी सहयोग (एफटीसी) वाले करारों के बारे में जानकारी दी गई थी, जिनमें से 163 संस्थाओं ने पिछले सर्वेक्षण दौर में भाग लिया था।

मुख्य बातें:

  • विदेशी तकनीकी सहयोग (एफटीसी) करार मुख्य रूप से विदेशी प्रत्यक्ष निवेश (एफडीआई) कंपनियों में मौजूद थे, जो या तो विदेशी सहायक कंपनियां (अर्थात्, एकल विदेशी निवेशक जिनके पास कुल इक्विटी का 50 प्रतिशत से अधिक इक्विटी हो) या विदेशी सहयोगी कंपनियां (अर्थात, विदेशी निवेशकों की इक्विटी धारिता 10 से 50 प्रतिशत के बीच हो) थीं, जिनका कुल एफटीसी में क्रमशः 68 प्रतिशत और 21 प्रतिशत हिस्सेदारी थीं (तालिका 1)।

  • विनिर्माण क्षेत्र की संस्थाओं में एफटीसी कुल रिपोर्ट किए गए एफटीसी का 78.4 प्रतिशत रहा, जिसमें से मशीनरी और मोटर वाहन एक साथ 30.6 प्रतिशत रहे; जबकि सेवा क्षेत्र से संबंधित एफटीसी 16.6 प्रतिशत था (तालिका 2)।

  • भारतीय संस्थाओं में तकनीकी सहयोग वाले देशों में जापान, संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका (यूएसए) और जर्मनी शीर्ष तीन देशों के रूप में बने रहे (तालिका 3)।

  • लगभग 61 प्रतिशत एफ़टीसी में विदेशी सहयोगियों द्वारा प्रौद्योगिकी ज्ञान-कौशल हस्तांतरण शामिल था और 8 प्रतिशत एफ़टीसी ट्रेडमार्क/ ब्रांड नामों के उपयोग के लिए थे (तालिका 4)।

  • लगभग दो-तिहाई एफ़टीसी के लिए भुगतान विधि रॉयल्टी भुगतान थी, जिसमें रॉयल्टी और एकमुश्त तकनीकी शुल्क दोनों शामिल थे (तालिका 5)।

  • 601 रिपोर्ट किए गए एफ़टीसी करारों में से, 187 में निर्यात प्रतिबंध खंड थे और 188 एफ़टीसी में हस्तांतरित आस्तियों पर अनन्य अधिकारों का प्रावधान था (तालिका 6 और 8)।

  • एफटीसी कंपनियों में उत्पादन मूल्य के संदर्भ में विनिर्माण क्षेत्र का सबसे अधिक हिस्सा था। विनिर्माण के अंतर्गत, मोटर वाहन क्षेत्र का सबसे बड़ा हिस्सा था (तालिका 9)।

  • 2024-25 में, एफटीसी रिपोर्टिंग इकाइयों के निर्यात की वृद्धि दर (20.3 प्रतिशत) आयात (4.6 प्रतिशत) की तुलना में अधिक तीव्र थी — उनका कुल उत्पादन मूल्य में क्रमशः 17.7 प्रतिशत और 18.6 प्रतिशत का हिस्सा था (तालिका 10 और 11)।

  • वर्तमान सर्वेक्षण दौर में, नियोजित पूंजी की तुलना में सकल लाभ के अनुपात द्वारा मापी गई एफटीसी रिपोर्टिंग कंपनियों की औसत लाभप्रदता 14.4 प्रतिशत थी (तालिका 12)।

अजीत प्रसाद    
उप महाप्रबंधक (संचार)

प्रेस प्रकाशनी: 2025-2026/1615

Table 1: Group-wise number of entities having Foreign Technical Collaboration (FTC): 2023-25
Company Group Number of Companies
Foreign Subsidiary 174
Foreign Associate 53
Pure Technical Collaboration 8
Others (Foreign Equity less than 10 per cent or only outward investment) 20
Total 255

Table 2: Industry-wise Distribution of Agreements of FTC Companies
Industry Fourteenth Round
(2021-22 to 2022-23)		 Fifteenth Round
(2023-24 to 2024-25)
Number % in Total Number % in Total
A. Agriculture-related, Plantation and Allied activities 6 0.9 2 0.3
B. Mining & Quarrying - - - -
C. Manufacturing 529 78.4 471 78.4
Food Products 2 0.3 1 0.2
Beverages and Tobacco products 1 0.2 - -
Textiles 1 0.2 1 0.2
Wearing Apparel 2 0.3 - -
Leather & related products 1 0.1 1 0.2
Wood & products of wood and cork, except furniture - - - -
Printing and reproduction of recorded media - - - -
Coke and refined petroleum products 4 0.6 4 0.6
Chemicals and chemical products 46 6.8 44 7.3
Pharmaceuticals, medicinal chemical and botanical products 6 0.9 17 2.8
Rubber and plastics products 25 3.7 17 2.8
Other Non-metallic mineral products 10 1.5 10 1.7
Manufacture of basic metals - - 1 0.2
Fabricated metal products; except machinery and equipment 11 1.6 8 1.3
Computer, electronic and optical products 5 0.7 3 0.5
Electrical equipment 21 3.1 22 3.7
Machinery and equipment not elsewhere classified 93 13.8 123 20.5
Motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers 76 11.3 61 10.1
Other transport equipment 29 4.3 4 0.7
Other manufacturing 196 29.0 154 25.6
D. Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply 3 0.4 1 0.2
E. Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities 1 0.2 1 0.2
F. Construction 21 3.1 26 4.3
G. Services 114 17.0 100 16.6
Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles 8 1.2 22 3.7
Repair and installation of machinery and equipment 14 2.1 10 1.7
Accommodation and Food service activities - - 2 0.3
Information and communication 7 1.0 34 5.6
Financial and insurance activities 14 2.1 3 0.5
Real estate activities 1 0.2 - -
Scientific research and development 1 0.2 23 3.8
Other service activities 69 10.2 6 1.0
Total 674 100.0 601 100.0
Note: 1. Components may not add up to the total due to rounding off.
2. – : Nil / negligible.
(These are applicable for all tables)

Table 3: Country-wise Distribution of Agreements of FTC Companies
Country Fourteenth Round
(2021-22 to 2022-23)		 Fifteenth Round
(2023-24 to 2024-25)
Number % in Total Number % in Total
Japan 236 35.0 210 34.9
United States of America 87 12.9 74 12.3
Germany 73 10.8 64 10.7
South Korea 41 6.1 59 9.8
Italy 29 4.3 22 3.7
France 29 4.3 21 3.5
United Kingdom 20 3.0 20 3.3
Switzerland 18 2.7 13 2.2
Singapore 9 1.3 12 2.0
Others* 132 19.6 106 17.6
Total 674 100.0 601 100.0
* ‘Others’ include countries with less than nine FTC agreements reported in the current survey round.

Table 4: Distribution of Agreements According to Type of Assets Transferred of FTC Companies
Asset transferred Fourteenth Round
(2021-22 to 2022-23)		 Fifteenth Round
(2023-24 to 2024-25)
Number % in Total Number % in Total
Know-how 377 55.9 365 60.7
Trademark/ Brand Name 76 11.3 48 8.0
Patent 8 1.2 2 0.3
Others (Including combination of above) 213 31.6 186 31.0
Total 674 100.0 601 100.0

Table 5: Distribution of Agreements According to Mode of Payment of FTC Companies
Mode of Payment Fourteenth Round
(2021-22 to 2022-23)		 Fifteenth Round
(2023-24 to 2024-25)
Number % in Total Number % in Total
Royalty 299 44.4 241 40.1
Lump sum technical fees 68 10.0 38 6.3
Both Royalty and Lump-sum technical fees 177 26.3 158 26.3
Others * 130 19.3 164 27.3
Total 674 100.0 601 100.0
* * Others include other modes of payment (other than royalty and lump-sum technical fess) for dividend; import of machinery and raw materials; technical support fees; training, communication and advertising and other similar remittances.

Table 6: Industry-wise Agreements with Exports Restrictive Clauses of FTC Companies
Industry Fourteenth Round
(2021-22 to 2022-23)		 Fifteenth Round
(2023-24 to 2024-25)
Total no. of Agreements No. of Agreements with Export restrictive clauses % of Agreements with Export Restrictive Clauses Total no. of Agreements No. of Agreements with Export restrictive clauses % of Agreements with Export Restrictive Clauses
A. Agriculture-related, Plantation and Allied activities 6 1 16.7 2 - -
B. Mining & Quarrying - - - - - -
C. Manufacturing 529 180 34.0 471 173 36.7
Food Products 2 1 50.0 1 1 100.0
Beverages and Tobacco products 1 - - - - -
Textiles 1 - - 1 - -
Wearing Apparel 2 - - - - -
Leather & related products 1 - - 1 - -
Wood & products of wood and cork, except furniture - - - - - -
Printing and reproduction of recorded media - - - - - -
Coke and refined petroleum products 4 2 50.0 4 2 50.0
Chemicals and chemical products 46 8 17.4 44 5 11.4
Pharmaceuticals, medicinal chemical and botanical products 6 3 50.0 17 6 35.3
Rubber and plastics products 25 5 20.0 17 1 5.9
Other Non-metallic mineral products 10 8 80.0 10 10 100.0
Manufacture of basic metals - - - 1 - -
Fabricated metal products; except machinery and equipment 11 1 9.1 8 2 25.0
Computer, electronic and optical products 5 1 20.0 3 1 33.3
Electrical equipment 21 - - 22 10 45.5
Machinery and equipment not elsewhere classified 93 35 37.6 123 45 36.6
Motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers 76 27 35.5 61 29 47.5
Other transport equipment 29 12 41.4 4 2 50.0
Other manufacturing 196 77 39.3 154 59 38.3
D. Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply 3 - - 1 1 100.0
E. Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities 1 - - 1 - -
F. Construction 21 11 52.4 26 11 42.3
G. Services 114 6 5.3 100 2 2.0
Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles 8 - - 22 - -
Repair and installation of machinery and equipment 14 1 7.1 10 1 10.0
Accommodation and Food service activities - - - 2 - -
Information and communication 7 - - 34 - -
Financial and insurance activities 14 1 7.1 3 1 33.3
Real estate activities 1 - - - - -
Scientific research and development 1 - - 23 - -
Other service activities 69 4 5.8 6 - -
Total 674 198 29.4 601 187 31.1

Table 7: Country-wise Distribution of Agreements with Exports Restrictive Clauses of FTC Companies
Country Fourteenth Round
(2021-22 to 2022-23)		 Fifteenth Round
(2023-24 to 2024-25)
Total no. of Agreements No. of Agreements with Export restrictive clauses % of Agreement with Export Restrictive Clauses Total no. of Agreements No. of Agreements with Export restrictive clauses % of Agreement with Export Restrictive Clauses
Japan 236 99 41.9 210 110 52.4
United States of America 87 25 28.7 74 17 23.0
Germany 73 16 21.9 64 12 18.8
South Korea 41 8 19.5 59 9 15.3
Italy 29 7 24.1 22 9 40.9
France 29 3 10.3 21 4 19.0
United Kingdom 20 5 25.0 20 4 20.0
Switzerland 18 5 27.8 13 3 23.1
Singapore 9 1 11.1 12 0 -
Others 132 29 22.0 106 19 17.9
Total 674 198 29.4 601 187 31.1

Table 8: Industry-wise Agreements with Provision of Exclusive Rights of FTC Companies
Industry Fourteenth Round
(2021-22 to 2022-23)		 Fifteenth Round
(2023-24 to 2024-25)
Total no. of Agreements No. of Agreements with Exclusive Rights % in Total No of Agreements Total Number of Agreements No. of Agreements with Exclusive Rights % in Total no. of Agreements
A. Agriculture-related, Plantation and Allied activities 6 5 83.3 2 - -
B. Mining & Quarrying - - - - - -
C. Manufacturing 529 178 33.6 471 163 34.6
Food Products 2 2 100.0 1 1 100.0
Beverages and Tobacco products 1 - - - - -
Textiles 1 1 100.0 1 1 100.0
Wearing Apparel 2 - - - - -
Leather & related products 1 - - 1 - -
Wood & products of wood and cork, except furniture - - - - - -
Printing and reproduction of recorded media - - - - - -
Coke and refined petroleum products 4 2 50.0 4 1 25.0
Chemicals and chemical products 46 19 41.3 44 9 20.5
Pharmaceuticals, medicinal chemical and botanical products 6 2 33.3 17 3 17.6
Rubber and plastics products 25 12 48.0 17 7 41.2
Other Non-metallic mineral products 10 7 70.0 10 10 100.0
Manufacture of basic metals - - - 1 - -
Fabricated metal products; except machinery and equipment 11 2 18.2 8 1 12.5
Computer, electronic and optical products 5 3 60.0 3 1 33.3
Electrical equipment 21 7 33.3 22 13 59.1
Machinery and equipment not elsewhere classified 93 31 33.3 123 65 52.8
Motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers 76 28 36.8 61 25 41.0
Other transport equipment 29 16 55.2 4 3 75.0
Other manufacturing 196 46 23.5 154 23 14.9
D. Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply 3 1 33.3 1 - -
E. Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities 1 - - 1 - -
F. Construction 21 12 57.1 26 11 42.3
G. Services 114 21 18.4 100 14 14.0
Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles 8 3 37.5 22 3 13.6
Repair and installation of machinery and equipment 14 6 42.9 10 4 40.0
Accommodation and Food service activities - - - 2 2 100.0
Information and communication 7 4 57.1 34 3 8.8
Financial and insurance activities 14 2 14.3 3 - -
Real estate activities 1 1 100.0 - - -
Scientific research and development 1 - - 23 1 4.3
Other service activities 69 5 7.2 6 1 16.7
Total 674 217 32.2 601 188 31.3

Table 9: Industry-wise Share in value of Production of FTC Companies
(amount in ₹ crore)
Industry Value of Production Annual Growth
(per cent)		 Share in VoP (2024-25)
2023-24 2024-25
A. Agriculture-related, Plantation and Allied activities 2,292 2,163 -5.6 0.3
B. Mining & Quarrying - - - -
C. Manufacturing 4,13,115 4,34,357 5.1 69.4
Food Products 98 43 -56.1 -
Beverages and Tobacco products - - - -
Textiles 136 140 2.9 -
Wearing Apparel - - - -
Leather & related products 180 187 3.9 -
Wood & products of wood and cork, except furniture - - - -
Printing and reproduction of recorded media - - - -
Coke and refined petroleum products 3,677 4,210 14.5 0.7
Chemicals and chemical products 19,766 20,080 1.6 3.2
Pharmaceuticals, medicinal chemical and botanical products 1,431 1,631 14.0 0.3
Rubber and plastics products 2,737 3,021 10.4 0.5
Other Non-metallic mineral products 2,516 2,625 4.3 0.4
Manufacture of basic metals 47 65 38.3 -
Fabricated metal products; except machinery and equipment 2,661 2,696 1.3 0.4
Computer, electronic and optical products 334 300 -10.2 0.1
Electrical equipment 33,685 39,949 18.6 6.4
Machinery and equipment not elsewhere classified 21,084 21,439 1.7 3.4
Motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers 1,88,070 1,94,401 3.4 31.0
Other transport equipment 37,650 40,965 8.8 6.6
Other manufacturing 99,043 1,02,605 3.6 16.4
D. Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply 171 159 -7.0 -
E. Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities 1 - -100.0 -
F. Construction 1,31,321 1,48,334 13.0 23.7
G. Services 44,118 41,325 -6.3 6.6
Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles 1,969 1,429 -27.4 0.2
Repair and installation of machinery and equipment 1,419 1,480 4.3 0.2
Accommodation and Food service activities 108 100 -7.4 -
Information and communication 35,330 31,019 -12.2 5.0
Financial and insurance activities 2,948 3,360 14.0 0.6
Real estate activities - - - -
Scientific research and development 181 208 14.9 -
Other service activities 2,163 3,729 72.4 0.6
Total 5,91,018 6,26,338 6.0 100.0

Table 10: Industry-wise Export of FTC Companies
(amount in ₹ crore)
Industry Exports Annual Growth
(per cent)		 % Share in Exports (2024-25)
2023-24 2024-25
A. Agriculture-related, Plantation and Allied activities 25 6 -76.0 -
B. Mining & Quarrying - - - -
C. Manufacturing 51,920 54,214 4.4 48.9
Food Products 102 37 -63.7 -
Beverages and Tobacco products - - - -
Textiles 123 125 1.6 0.1
Wearing Apparel - - - -
Leather & related products 180 183 1.7 0.2
Wood & products of wood and cork, except furniture - - - -
Printing and reproduction of recorded media - - - -
Coke and refined petroleum products 210 349 66.2 0.3
Chemicals and chemical products 2,222 2,230 0.4 2.0
Pharmaceuticals, medicinal chemical and botanical products 475 732 54.1 0.7
Rubber and plastics products 340 315 -7.4 0.3
Other Non-metallic mineral products 11 10 -9.1 -
Manufacture of basic metals 3 4 33.3 -
Fabricated metal products; except machinery and equipment 182 212 16.5 0.2
Computer, electronic and optical products 108 37 -65.7 -
Electrical equipment 3,776 3,996 5.8 3.6
Machinery and equipment not elsewhere classified 2,665 2,562 -3.9 2.3
Motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers 28,896 30,709 6.3 27.7
Other transport equipment 1,529 2,238 46.4 2.0
Other manufacturing 11,098 10,475 -5.6 9.5
D. Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply 42 30 -28.6 -
E. Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities 1 - - -
F. Construction 26,319 40,970 55.7 37.0
G. Services 13,900 15,673 12.8 14.1
Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles 992 1,255 26.5 1.1
Repair and installation of machinery and equipment 60 33 -45.0 -
Accommodation and Food service activities - - - -
Information and communication 11,684 13,445 15.1 12.1
Financial and insurance activities - - - -
Real estate activities - - - -
Scientific research and development 3 4 33.3 -
Other service activities 1,163 936 -19.5 0.9
Total 92,207 1,10,893 20.3 100.0

Table 11: Industry-wise Imports of FTC Companies
(amount in ₹ crore)
Industry Imports Annual Growth
(per cent)		 Share in Imports
(2024-25)
2023-24 2024-25
A. Agriculture-related, Plantation and Allied activities - 3 - -
B. Mining & Quarrying - - - -
C. Manufacturing 93,847 95,802 2.1 82.3
Food Products 2 2 - -
Beverages and Tobacco products - - - -
Textiles 30 30 - -
Wearing Apparel - - - -
Leather & related products 50 67 34.0 0.1
Wood & products of wood and cork, except furniture - - - -
Printing and reproduction of recorded media - - - -
Coke and refined petroleum products 787 834 6.0 0.7
Chemicals and chemical products 4,637 4,643 0.1 4.0
Pharmaceuticals, medicinal chemical and botanical products 543 865 59.3 0.7
Rubber and plastics products 362 403 11.3 0.4
Other Non-metallic mineral products 600 630 5.0 0.5
Manufacture of basic metals 14 20 42.9 -
Fabricated metal products; except machinery and equipment 100 189 89.0 0.2
Computer, electronic and optical products 260 88 -66.2 0.1
Electrical equipment 7,116 8,301 16.7 7.1
Machinery and equipment not elsewhere classified 4,723 5,429 14.9 4.7
Motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers 24,308 22,618 -7.0 19.4
Other transport equipment 1,552 1,784 14.9 1.5
Other manufacturing 48,763 49,899 2.3 42.9
D. Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply 11 13 18.2 -
E. Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities - - - -
F. Construction 6,553 8,963 36.8 7.7
G. Services 10,867 11,651 7.2 10.0
Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles 1,094 1,277 16.7 1.1
Repair and installation of machinery and equipment 467 458 -1.9 0.4
Accommodation and Food service activities - - - -
Information and communication 9,029 9,666 7.1 8.3
Financial and insurance activities - - - -
Real estate activities - - - -
Scientific research and development 4 5 25.0 -
Other service activities 273 245 -10.3 0.2
Total 1,11,278 1,16,432 4.6 100.0

Table 12: Profitability Ratio of FTC Companies
Survey Round Year Gross Profit to Capital ratio (per cent)
Financial Year Survey Average
Ninth round (244) 2010-11 9.8 10.0
2011-12 10.1
Tenth Round (303) 2012-13 17.0 14.8
2013-14 12.6
Eleventh Round (306) 2014-15 17.3 17.9
2015-16 18.5
Twelfth Round (334) 2016-17 14.6 16.0
2017-18 17.4
Thirteenth Round (481) 2019-20 14.6 11.5
2020-21 8.4
Fourteenth Round (356) 2021-22 10.5 10.5
2022-23 10.4
Fifteenth Round (255) 2023-24 14.2 14.4
2024-25 14.5
Note: Figures in parentheses indicate the number of reporting FTC companies.

1 भारतीय उद्योग में विदेशी सहयोग पर चौदहवें दौर के सर्वेक्षण के परिणाम, जो 2021-2023 की अवधि के लिए थे, आरबीआई वेबसाइट पर 31 अक्टूबर 2023 को जारी किए गए।

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