Growth remains subdued due to a combination of external and domestic factors. Various surveys
show that business and consumer confidence remain subdued. Government’s commitment
to reforms is expected to instill confidence among investors and support gradual recovery.
Inflation has moderated but remains high. The decline has not been commensurate with the
slowdown in growth and upside risks remain from suppressed inflation. While government
has embarked on a fiscal adjustment path, staying on this course over the medium-term is
necessary for providing sufficient space for monetary policy to stimulate growth. The widening
current account deficit also remains a major source of concern. While domestic and global
conditions are expected to improve slowly, calibration of the policy stance is important due to
prevailing uncertainties.
Reforms reduce immediate risks, but long
road ahead
VII.1 The fresh round of reforms that were initiated in September 2012, after a hiatus, has reduced the immediate risks facing the Indian economy. The recent measures taken, especially in January 2013 have further reinforced this momentum. There are signs that growth may have bottomed out, though recovery may take some more time and is likely to be paced gradually. However, on an immediate footing, the recent reforms and measures to debottleneck infrastructure and other sectors have reduced the macroeconomic and financial risks facing the Indian economy. These measures need to be carried forward as certain key constraints continue to impede investments in road and power sectors. As the envisaged measures are implemented to remove the impediments, the economy can start turning around in 2013-14. However, weak global economic conditions, domestic business constraints and low confidence levels may keep the recovery modest next year, while the near-term risks to the economy emanating from fiscal and external imbalances remain.
VII.2 Clearly, there is a long road ahead to regain the pre-crisis potential growth. Traversing this requires tough economic and political decisions that do not fritter away the recent modest gains, as the compulsions of political cycles mount in the run-up to the 2014 general elections.
Business sentiments stay weak, further
action needed to restore confidence
VII.3 Latest rounds of business confidence
surveys portray a mixed picture. On the whole,
it appears that the reform measures taken so far
have not decisively lifted business sentiments
and further action may be needed to restore
confidence.
VII.4 The NCAER survey shows a further
drop in business confidence, due mainly
to perceptions on investment climate
deteriorating (Table VII.1). The CII’s Business
Confidence Index showed a marginal fall in
business confidence during Q3 of 2012-13.
Domestic economic developments, high
interest rates, infrastructure bottlenecks and
institutional issues emerged as key concerns in
the survey.
Table VII.1: Business Expectations Surveys |
Period Index |
NCAER- Business
Confidence
Index Jan 2013 |
FICCI Overall
Business Confidence
Index Q2:2012-13 |
Dun & Bradstreet
Business Optimism
Index Q1:2013 |
CII Business
Confidence
Index Q3: 2012-13 |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
Current level of the Index |
119.7 |
62.4 |
146.8 |
49.9 |
Index as per previous survey |
125.4 |
51.8 |
140.8 |
51.3 |
Index levels one year back |
125.2 |
51.6 |
156.2 |
48.6 |
% change (q-o-q) sequential |
-4.5 |
20.5 |
4.3 |
-2.7 |
% change (y-o-y) |
-4.4 |
20.9 |
-6.0 |
2.7 |
VII.5 However, FICCI’s overall business
confidence index suggests a significant
improvement in business confidence. Reform
measures, including opening up of FDI in
multi-brand retail appear to have lifted
sentiments, though inadequate infrastructure
and rising costs of manpower and raw materials
were cited as constraints. The Dun & Bradstreet
Business Optimism Index rose moderately as
compared to the previous quarter. Optimism
indices of volume of sales, net profits, new
orders and employment improved relative to
the previous quarter.
VII.6 The seasonally adjusted HSBC Markit
Purchasing Managers’ Index for manufacturing
indicated a pick up in manufacturing activity
during October-December 2012 driven by new
orders. The HSBC Markit PMI for services in
December 2012 recorded the fastest growth in
three months.
Industrial Outlook Survey reflects
marginal improvement
VII.7 The Reserve Bank’s 60th round of the
Industrial Outlook Survey (http://www.rbi.org.in/IOS60) conducted during Q3 of 2012-13
showed marginal improvement in the business
sentiments of the manufacturing sector.
VII.8 The Business Expectation Index (BEI),
a composite indicator based on several business
parameters, signals marginal improvement for
Q3 of 2012-13. However, the index remained
broadly at the same level for Q4 (Chart VII.1).
These indices have persisted in the growth
terrain (i.e. above 100, which is the threshold
separating contraction from expansion).
VII.9 Analysis of the net responses among
various components of demand conditions
shows that the assessment on production
remained flat in Q3 of 2012-13. The declining
trend in the net response on order books in the
previous two quarters was reversed in Q3 of
2012-13. While the respondent companies had
lower optimism on capacity utilisation, exports
and imports during Q3 of 2012-13, their
outlook for Q4 of 2012-13 shows improvement
(Table VII.2).
VII.10 There was continued optimism on the
availability of finance. The cost of external
finance is perceived to rise, but by a lower
percentage of respondents. The cost of raw material is also expected to rise at a marginally
lower rate in the next quarter. The perception
on profit margins remained nearly unaltered
for Q4 of 2012-13.
Table VII.2: Reserve Bank’s Industrial Outlook Survey |
Parameter |
Optimistic
Response |
Net Response1 |
Jan -Mar |
Apr-Jun |
Jul-Sep |
Oct -Dec |
Jan-Mar |
2012 |
2012 |
2012 |
2012 |
2013 |
E |
A |
E |
A |
E |
A |
E |
A |
E |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
8 |
9 |
10 |
11 |
1. |
Overall Business Situation |
Better |
33.6 |
26.5 |
34.9 |
18.3 |
30.6 |
16.1 |
32.2 |
17.2 |
37.5 |
2. |
Overall Financial Situation |
Better |
25.2 |
18.5 |
27.7 |
14.2 |
23.6 |
12.2 |
25.8 |
12.7 |
27.0 |
3. |
Production |
Increase |
40.4 |
33.1 |
34.7 |
20.3 |
33.6 |
18.8 |
35.7 |
18.6 |
37.1 |
4. |
Order Books |
Increase |
31.3 |
24.8 |
29.5 |
16.9 |
29.9 |
12.0 |
30.3 |
12.9 |
29.8 |
5. |
Capacity Utilisation |
Increase |
24.3 |
16.7 |
19.9 |
8.6 |
18.4 |
6.3 |
20.0 |
5.7 |
21.7 |
6. |
Exports |
Increase |
18.6 |
14.2 |
20.7 |
10.8 |
20.5 |
10.0 |
18.0 |
9.3 |
18.4 |
7. |
Imports |
Increase |
15.5 |
14.4 |
15.7 |
11.6 |
15.5 |
9.8 |
14.0 |
8.8 |
13.5 |
8. |
Employment in the Company |
Increase |
13.6 |
12.9 |
14.6 |
10.0 |
12.3 |
8.3 |
13.3 |
6.7 |
10.3 |
9. |
Availability of Finance |
Improve |
19.0 |
15.8 |
22.9 |
15.0 |
20.4 |
13.8 |
21.3 |
10.0 |
19.5 |
10. |
Cost of External Finance |
Decrease |
-38.8 |
-37.4 |
-22.7 |
-30.5 |
-24.0 |
-27.4 |
-20.6 |
-24.4 |
-18.1 |
11. |
Cost of Raw Material |
Decrease |
-50.1 |
-59.4 |
-49.0 |
-63.1 |
-51.4 |
-59.6 |
-48.6 |
-50.7 |
-45.0 |
12. |
Selling Price |
Increase |
14.7 |
13.5 |
19.0 |
17.5 |
18.8 |
18.5 |
17.3 |
10.2 |
15.8 |
13. |
Profit Margin |
Increase |
-2.9 |
-11.3 |
-1.2 |
-17.9 |
-3.6 |
-15.1 |
-1.3 |
-16.7 |
-2.0 |
1 Net response is the percentage difference between the optimistic (positive) and pessimistic (negative) responses; responses
indicating status quo (no change) are not reckoned. Higher ‘net response’ indicates higher level of optimism and vice versa.
E: Responses for Expectation quarter and A: Responses for Assessment quarter. |
Consumer confidence remains subdued
VII.11 The Reserve Bank’s 11th round of
Consumer Confidence Survey (http://www.rbi.org.in/CCS11), conducted in December 2012
continued to show a decline in the index in the
latest quarter. There was deterioration in the
perceptions on current economic conditions, current household circumstances and current
spending. The Future Expectations Index also
indicates a decline in consumers’ perceptions
of the future (Chart VII.2).
External agencies lower India’s growth
projections further
VII.12 Various agencies have further revised
downwards their growth projections for the
year 2012-13. The recent projections for
growth in GDP at factor cost now range from
5.4 to 5.9 per cent (Table VII.3).
Table VII.3: Various Agencies’ Growth Projections for 2012-13 |
|
Latest Projection
|
Earlier Projection |
Real GDP Growth (Per cent) |
Month
|
Real GDP Growth (Per cent)
|
Month
|
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
PMEAC |
6.7 |
Aug-12 |
7.6 |
Feb-12 |
Ministry of Finance |
5.7 to 5.9 |
Dec-12 |
7.6 (+/-0.25) |
Mar-12 |
IMF* |
5.4 |
Jan-13 |
5.6 |
Oct-12 |
World Bank |
5.4 |
Jan-13 |
6.0 |
Oct-12 |
OECD** |
4.4 |
Nov-12 |
7.3 |
Jun-12 |
ADB |
5.4 |
Dec-12 |
5.6 |
Oct-12 |
NCAER |
5.9 |
Nov-12 |
6.4 |
Jul-12 |
*: Corresponds to the World Economic Outlook update of January 2013 projection of 4.5 per cent for GDP at market prices for the
calendar year 2012, The growth for 2013-14 is projected at 6.0 per cent, both at factor cost and market prices.
**: GDP at market prices. |
Survey of professional forecasters
anticipates slow recovery1
VII.13 The 22nd round of the Survey of
Professional Forecasters (http://www.rbi.org.in/SPF22) conducted by the Reserve Bank,
forecasts slower growth in 2012-13 revising its
median growth projection downwards to 5.5
per cent. Forecasts suggest gradual recovery
with higher projected GDP growth in 2013-14
while the average WPI inflation is projected to
gradually moderate in the coming year. The
twin deficits are expected to improve in 2013-
14 with the CAD as a percentage of GDP
projected to moderate to 3.5 per cent and the
central government fiscal deficit as a percentage
of GDP projected to fall to 5.3 per cent (Table
VII.4).
Table VII.4: Median Forecasts of Select Macroeconomic Indicators by Professional Forecasters 2012-13 and 2013-14 |
|
Actual 2011-12 |
Annual forecasts |
Quarterly Forecast |
2012-13 |
2013-14 |
2012-13 |
2013-14 |
Q3 |
Q4 |
Q1 |
Q2 |
Q3 |
E |
L |
E |
L |
E |
L |
E |
L |
E |
L |
E |
L |
E |
L |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
8 |
9 |
10 |
11 |
12 |
13 |
14 |
15 |
16 |
1. Real GDP growth rate at factor cost (%) |
6.5# |
5.7 |
5.5 |
6.6 |
6.5 |
5.6 |
5.5 |
6.2 |
6.0 |
6.4 |
6.1 |
6.7 |
6.5 |
- |
6.6 |
a. Agriculture & Allied Activities |
2.8# |
1.4 |
1.5 |
3.0 |
3.0 |
-0.3 |
0.5 |
1.5 |
1.9 |
2.4 |
2.5 |
2.5 |
3.0 |
- |
3.2 |
b. Industry |
2.6# |
3.0 |
2.8 |
5.3 |
4.7 |
3.2 |
3.5 |
3.9 |
4.0 |
4.6 |
4.4 |
5.1 |
4.6 |
- |
5.5 |
c. Services |
8.5# |
7.8 |
7.4 |
8.0 |
7.8 |
8.0 |
7.6 |
8.2 |
7.8 |
8.0 |
7.6 |
7.9 |
7.7 |
- |
7.9 |
2. Gross Domestic Saving (% of GDP at current market price) |
- |
30.3 |
30.5 |
31.6 |
31.2 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
3. Average WPI-Infation |
8.9 |
7.7 |
7.5 |
6.7 |
7.0 |
7.3* |
7.4 |
7.7 |
7.0 |
7.0 |
6.8 |
7.0 |
6.6 |
- |
7.0 |
4. Exchange Rate
(INR/1USD end period) |
51.2 |
52.0 |
54.0 |
50.8 |
52.0 |
54.8& |
55.0 |
51.5 |
54.0 |
51.5 |
53.0 |
51.3 |
52.5 |
- |
51.5 |
5. 10-year G-sec Yield (%-end period) |
8.6 |
8.0 |
7.9 |
7.8 |
7.8 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
6. Export (growth rate in %)! |
20.9* |
0.0 |
-3.5 |
12.0 |
11.2 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
7. Import (growth rate in %)! |
30.3* |
-0.9 |
-1.4 |
12.7 |
8.6 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
8. Trade Balance (US$ billion) |
-189.8* |
- |
- |
- |
- |
-46.5 |
-55.9 |
-47.6 |
-48.1 |
-45.2 |
-46.5 |
-47.0 |
-50.8 |
- |
-53.0 |
9. CAD (% of GDP) |
4.2* |
3.5 |
4.2 |
2.7 |
3.5 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
|
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
10. Central Government Fiscal Defcit (% of GDP) |
5.1^ |
5.7 |
5.7 |
5.3 |
5.3 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
E: Previous Round Projection. L: Latest Round Projection. #: Revised Estimate *: Preliminary
- : Not Available.
!: US$ on BoP basis. &: Actual ^: Budget Estimate
Note: Latest round refers to the 22nd round for quarter ended Dec-12, while previous round refers to the 21st round for quarter ended Sep -12.
Source: Survey of Professional Forecasters, Third Quarter 2012-13. |
Inflation expectations see marginal increase
VII.14 The latest round of Inflation
Expectations Survey of Households (IESH)
(http://www.rbi.org.in/IESH30) conducted among 5,000 households across 16 cities (of
which 4 cities are covered for the first time in
this round) and 7 occupational categories
during November 30 to December 7, 2012,
indicates that the perception of current inflation
as well as the expectations on future inflation
have increased marginally (q-o-q) in Q3 of
2012-13. However, the percentage of
respondents expecting a higher rise in prices in
Q4 of 2012-13 as well as in Q3 of 2013-14 has
decreased as compared with the last round of
the survey.
Output gap may start closing in 2013-14,
although at a slow pace
VII.15 On current assessment, growth in 2012-
13 is likely to fall below the Reserve Bank’s
baseline projection of 5.8 per cent set out in the
Second Quarter Review (October 2012). The
IIP recorded a dismal growth of 1.0 per cent
during April-November 2012. The full year
growth may fall even below last year’s disappointing 2.9 per cent growth. With a
generalised slowdown in consumption as well
as investment, a turnaround looks difficult this
year.
VII.16 However, the output gap could start
closing in 2013-14 on the back of some revival
in investment demand. The improvement
would, inter alia, hinge on inflation receding
which will support higher consumption.
Current slack demand has not been associated
with a build-up of finished goods inventories as
firms have cut down supplies in response to
falling demand. This raises hopes that the
inventory cycle may be supportive of recovery
when it shapes up. External demand has already
shrunk and as a baseline case, is also unlikely
to dampen growth ahead. As such, it is important
to quickly move to resolve the problems that
are still impeding investments particularly in
the infrastructure and mining sector.
Inflation risks may remain in 2013-14
VII.17 Although, inflation is likely to moderate
to below the baseline projection of 7.5 per cent
for March 2013 set in the October policy, the
direct and indirect impact of the recent increase
in diesel prices would exert some upward
pressure on overall price level. Suppressed
inflation continues to pose a significant risk to
the inflation trajectory in 2013-14 and as some
of this risks materializes, inflation path may
turn sticky. Amidst the large current account
deficit (CAD), the possibility of currency
depreciation and its pass-through to domestic
prices constitutes an additional risk that cannot
be glossed over. On the other hand, as
fundamentals improve, it could impart strength
to the rupee. This can have a favourable impact
on inflation.
VII.18 An important element in the inflation
mathematics is that core inflation pressures
have markedly receded and are unlikely to reemerge
quickly on demand considerations.
However, a close vigil on cost-push inflation and wage-inflation spiral would need to be
maintained.
Fiscal risks moderate in 2012-13, but
sustained commitment to fiscal
consolidation is needed to generate
monetary space
VII.19 Fiscal risks have declined in recent
months as the government re-dedicated itself
to the goals of fiscal consolidation. However, a
sustainable path to fiscal consolidation hinges
on fundamental fiscal reforms that cut subsidies
and augment revenues. Measures to contain
subsidies have been initiated and would need
to be persisted with. Front-loaded fiscal
consolidation would generate sufficient space
for monetary policy to act without stoking
inflationary pressures.
Wide CAD remains a constraint on
monetary policy easing
VII.20 At the present juncture, the widening
CAD has become a major constraint on easing
monetary policy. Even if inflation recedes
further, the wide CAD may slow the pace and
extent to which monetary policy can be eased.
With the likelihood that the CAD may exceed
4 per cent of GDP for the second successive
year in 2012-13, prudence is necessary while
stimulating aggregate demand.
VII.21 Given, India’s growth potential and
liberalised capital account there may be a case
that India can run a wider CAD/GDP ratio than
was possible in the 1980s and 1990s. In inter-temporal
terms, it can import more today, if it
can export more in future. While it can build
up liabilities to the rest of world that are
financed by inflows in the financial account, it
is important to ensure that the borrowed capital
is productively used for real investments that
yield marginal product in excess of the interest
rate the country has to pay on the foreign
liabilities. Secondly, even if CAD is inter-temporally
solvent, a view is necessary whether the size of the CAD is easily financeable given
the shocks that can emerge from volatile capital
flows, which include surges and sudden stops
or reversals.
VII.22 The forward-looking assessment
provided in the previous Macroeconomic and
Monetary Developments clearly pointed to a
widening of the CAD in Q2 of 2012-13. It had
emphasised the need to stay on the path of
fiscal consolidation, as also keeping a tab on
private consumption and supplementing it with
the selective use of expenditure-switching
policies to lower the CAD. This was one of the
key considerations while setting the monetary
policy in October and December 2012. With
the CAD turning out to be a record high of 5.4
per cent of GDP in Q2 of 2012-13, further
caution is warranted while framing monetary
and fiscal policies.
VII.23 While making the overall interest rate
environment more conducive to investments
and with some improvement in consumption,
it is necessary to ensure that fiscal and monetary
policies do not lose control over government
or private consumption spending, even if it
means a more gradual recovery of the Indian
economy. Given India’s low trade elasticities,
especially at this point of time when world
demand is low, there is little alternative but to
use expenditure-reducing policies in addition
to expenditure-switching policies to bring
CAD down to a more sustainable level of
around 2.5 per cent of GDP. At the same time,
reducing dependence on debt-creating capital
inflows is needed. This is particularly important
as the export prospects remain impacted by
global slowdown. On the other side, India’s
energy security position is likely to keep
imports high. As a result, the balance of payments position is likely to remain vulnerable
to global growth cycles and oil price
fluctuations.
Balance of macroeconomic risks suggests
continuation of calibrated stance
VII.24 In view of all the considerations
discussed above, the balance of macroeconomic
risks suggests continuation of a
calibrated stance. In Q3 of 2012-13 headline
inflation has receded somewhat faster-than-anticipated.
Core inflationary pressures have
also turned subdued. However, headline
inflation has not declined at a pace
commensurate with the negative output gap
that has now prevailed for the fifth successive
quarter. The size of the negative output gap
now exceeds one per cent of GDP. While
growth remains low, inflation concerns have
not dissipated. Consumer inflation remains
high and even the headline remains above the
comfort level.
VII.25 The emerging slack in investment
needs to be addressed. This slack has emerged
from a combination of domestic and global
factors. While global growth may remain
slow for some more years as significant fiscal
adjustment is needed to overcome the
debt overhang in the advanced economies,
the domestic growth could respond to the
policy action that has now begun. Given the
preponderance of non-monetary factors behind
the current slowdown in an environment
where risks from high inflation, current
account and fiscal deficits still remain, the
scope for supportive monetary policy action
is constrained. However, as reform actions get
executed, monetary policy could increasingly
focus on growth revival.
|