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Map of Medieval India, Courtesy Government of India
The Arabs conquered Sindh in 712 AD and ruled it as a province of the Caliphate.
By the 9th Century AD, provincial governors established independent rule and struck
their own coins. However, it was with the emergence of Turkish Sultans of Delhi
in the 12th Century that a decisive break was made with the past and the existing
motifs were gradually replaced by Islamic devices, largely calligraphy. The unit
of account came to be consolidated and was referred to as the 'tanka' with the 'jittals'
as the smaller value coins. With the Delhi Sultanate (1206-1526 AD) came the attempt
at standardisation. This period was marked by a considerable expansion of the money
economy. Coins were struck in gold, silver and copper. In the monetary system, the
equation between gold and silver was probably at 1:10. The Khilji rulers issued
coins in abundance with grandiloquent titles (Ala-ud-din Khilji struck coins assuming
the title 'Sikandar al Sani', the second Alexander) as well as honorific epithets
for mints (the Delhi mint bore titles 'Hazrat Dar-al-Khilafat, etc.).
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Description
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Obverse
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Reverse
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Coin of Nasiru-d-din Mahmud
1246 - 1266 AD
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Coin of Ghiyasu-d-din Balban
1266 - 1287 AD
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Coins of the Delhi Sultanate
Coins of the Khiljis
The coins of the Tughlaqs (1320-1412 AD) were superior in design and execution to
those of the Khiljis. Muhammed bin Tughlaq (1325-1351 AD), took personal interest
in his coinage, however, his monetary experiments were a failure and the cause of
much misery. The first experiment was to make his coinage reflect the gold/silver
price ratio prevailing in the free market. When this experiment failed the old gold
and silver coins of about 11 grams were reintroduced. The next experiment was inspired
by Chinese paper currency which had spurred the development of trade and commerce.
Tughlaq attempted to establish a fiduciary system of coinage between 1329 to 1332
AD. He attempted to issue tokens of brass and copper. These tokens bore the legends
such as : 'Sealed as a tanka of fifty ganis' together with appeals such as 'He who
obeys the Sultan, obeys the Compassionate'. Mass forgeries rendered the experiment
a total disaster and Tughlaq, to his credit, redeemed all tokens, forged or genuine,
in specie. It may be noted that the experiments of Tughlaq were genuine experiments:
while they were forced on the populace, they were not dictated by a bankrupt treasury.
Gold coins were issued in very large numbers during the reign of Muhammed bin Tughlaq,
thereafter gold coins became scarce. By the time of the Lodhis, coins were struck
almost exclusively of copper and billon. In the provinces, the Bengal Sultans, the
Jaunpur Sultans, the Bahamanis of the Deccan, the Sultans of Malwa, the Sultans
of Gujarat, etc. struck coins. In the South, however, the Vijayanagar Empire evolved
coinage of different metrology and design which was to remain as a standard in the
region and influence coin design up to the 19th Century.
Silver Coin, Malwa
The Vijayanagar Empire
In the South, the Vijayanagar contemporaries of the Delhi Sultanate and Mughals,
were the other dynasty whose currency presents a rare example of a standardised
issue which later provided a model for the European and English trading companies.
The Kingdom of Vijayanagar was founded around 1336 AD by Harihara and Bukka in the
region south of the River Krishna. The Vijayanagar period saw the advent of European
traders especially the Portuguese. Krishnadevaraya encouraged foreign trade and
this necessitated wider use of currency. Coins of the Vijayanagar kingdom was largely
struck in gold and copper. Most Vijayanagar gold coins bore a sacred image on the
obverse and the royal legend on the reverse. Amongst the significant gold coins
of the Vijayanagar Empire were those bearing the image of the deity of Tirupati,
i.e., Lord Venkatesvara represented either singly or with his two consorts. These
coins inspired the 'Single Swami' Pagodas of the Dutch and French and the 'Three
Swami' Pagodas of the English East India Company.
Coins of the Vijayanagar Empire
Pagoda, East India Company inspired by the coins of the Vijayanagar Empire
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